Until the nineteenth century Western art was dominated by the academic theory of History painting and High art grand manner. Artistic conventions governed style and subject matter, resulting in artworks that often appeared artificial and removed from real life. Then, the development of naturalism began to go hand in hand with increasing emphasis on realism of subject, meaning subjects outside the high art tradition.
The term realism was coined by the French novelist Champfleury in the s and in art was exemplified in the work of his friend the painter Gustav Courbet.
In practice realist subject matter meant scenes of peasant and working class life, the life of the city streets, cafes and popular entertainments, and an increasing frankness in the treatment of the body and sexual subjects. Along with Delacroix, Courbet was a key influence on the Impressionists.
Millet was the Realist co-founder of the Barbizon School near Paris. He is especially known for his depictions rural life and peasant labor that had a large influence on later modernists. Manet's paintings are considered among the first works of art in the modern era, due to his rough painting style and absence of idealism in his figures. Manet was a close friend of and major influence on younger artists who founded Impressionism such as Claude Monet, Edgar Degas and Pierre-Auguste Renoir.
James Whistler. James Whistler was a nineteenth-century American expatriate artist. Educated in France and later based in London, Whistler was a famous proponent of art-for-art's-sake, and an esteemed practictioner of tonal harmony in his canvases, often characterized by his masterful use of blacks and greys, as seen in his most famous work, Whistler's Mother Whistler was also known as an American Impressionist, and in he famously turned down an invitation from Degas to exhibit his work with the French Impressionists.
John Singer Sargent. John Singer Sargent was the premiere portraitist of his generation, well-known for his depictions of high society figures in Paris, London, and New York.
He updated a centuries-old tradition in order to capture his sitters' character and even reputation. Thomas Eakins. Thomas Eakins was an American painter, photographer, sculptor, and teacher. Renowned as an influential Realist painter, his many portraits famously depicted the streets, parlors, natural scenery and citizens of his native Philadelphia.
Eakins was known as a master of light, shadow and movement, and for capturing simple scenes that evoked complex themes. Ilya Repin. Repin was a realist painter whose importance in the art world was equal to Leo Tolstoy's in the literary world. He was the most influential Russian painter of the 19th century, embraced internationally, and by the pre and post Russian Revolution rulers. Honore Daumier was an accomplished artist in several media, but especially well-known for his political caricatures and satirical art and key member of the Realism movement.
Henri Fantin-Latour. Fantin-Latour is best known for his still-lifes and group portraits - especially of the Impressionists, that were his friends, and other Parisian artists and writers. The Barbizon School. A movement in painting that first surfaced in France in the s, it sought new ways to describe effects of light and movement, often using rich colors.
The Impressionists were drawn to modern life and often painted the city, but they also captured landscapes and scenes of middle-class leisure-taking in the suburbs. Social Realism. After , Dante Gabriel Rossetti became an inspiration for the medievalizing strand of the movement.
He was the link between the two types of Pre-Raphaelite painting nature and romance after the PRB became lost in the late s. Rossetti, although the least committed to the brotherhood, continued the name and changed its style.
He began painting versions of women using models like Jane Morris, in paintings such as Proserpine , after the Pre-Raphaelites had disbanded. Since the Pre-Raphaelites were fixed on portraying subjects with near-photographic precision—though with a distinctive attention to detailed surface-patterns—their work was devalued by many painters and critics. For instance, after the First World War, British Modernists associated Pre-Raphaelite art with the repressive and backward times in which they grew up.
Privacy Policy. Skip to main content. European and American Art in the 18th and 19th Centuries. Search for:. Realism Realism, an artistic movement that began in France in the s, rejected Romanticism, seeking instead to portray contemporary subjects and situations with truth and accuracy. Learning Objectives Summarize the key thoughts of Realism. Key Takeaways Key Points Realists revolted against the exotic subject matter and exaggerated emotionalism of the Romanticism that had dominated French literature and art since the late 18th century.
Realists tended to showcase sordid or untidy elements in their paintings. Learning Objectives Describe how Realist ideals manifest in Realist painting. Key Takeaways Key Points Realism arose in opposition to Romanticism, which had dominated French literature and art since the late 18th century.
Realist painters often depicted common laborers, and ordinary people in ordinary surroundings engaged in real activities as subjects for their works.
Gustave Courbet is known as the main proponent of Realism and his paintings challenged convention by depicting unidealized peasants and workers, often on a grand scale traditionally reserved for paintings of religious or historical subjects. Pre-Raphaelites The Pre-Raphaelites were a group of English painters, poets, and critics, founded in Learning Objectives Evaluate the ideas that underpinned the Pre-Raphaelites and how they were manifested in their art.
Key Takeaways Key Points The Pre-Raphaelites sought to reform art by rejecting what they considered to be a mechanistic approach first adopted by the Mannerist artists who succeeded Raphael and Michelangelo.
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